Yieldcos

Announcing plans to launch its first global yieldco investment structure, Canadian Solar anticipates the IPO may be available on a US Stock Exchange as early as the fourth quarter of 2015.

Dr Shawn Qu, chairman and CEO of Canadian Solar, spoke recently about the new yieldco investment product under development. “We have been reviewing various options to structure and potentially list our downstream business,” said Qu, “and we are now planning to form a yield co vehicle, in order to maximize value creation for our shareholders over the long-term.”

A leading manufacturer of solar PV modules and prominent provider of solar energy solutions, Canadian Solar is a major heavyweight in the global solar energy industry. With an international pipeline of utility-scale solar energy projects, Canadian Solar has deployed over 8 GW of photovoltaic modules in over 70 countries over the past 14 years. Founded in Canada in 2001, Canadian Solar has been publicly listed on the NASDAQ since 2006 (CSIQ).

The Yieldco Investment Structure

As the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) explains succinctly in an article titled, A Deeper Look into Yieldco Structuring, “A yieldco is a dividend growth-oriented public company, created by a parent company.” Yieldcos create portfolios of “renewable and/or conventional long-term contracted operating assets in order to generate predictable cash flows. Yieldcos allocate cash available for distribution (CAFD) each year or quarter to shareholders in the form of dividends.”

NREL explains that the parent company is required to own a majority share of the yieldco (Class B Common Stock). Public shareholders are entitled to a minority share (Class A Common Stock).  The revenue produced from projects owned by the “operating subsidiaries” passes through this structure, delivering returns to the yieldco shareholders. Adapted from NRG Yield, the image below outlines the yieldco organizational structure:

The Current Crop of Yieldcos

Tom Konrad of Greentech Media notes that many large, publicly traded advanced energy companies have yieldco investment vehicles already in place, or have plans in the works. Currently, yieldcos are offered by NRG Yield, Pattern Renewable Energy Partners, NextEra Energy Partners, Abengoa Yield, TerraForm Power, and TransAlta Renewables. Jointly, First Solar and SunPower are planning the IPO of a yieldco for investment in solar PV farms.

Since their IPOs, reports Konrad, the current crop of yieldcos has gained from between 15% (Abengoa Yield) and 127% (NRG Yield). Simultaneously, these firms are paying out dividends and selling large quantities of stock in secondary offerings, which is funding their planned growth and raising cash for their sponsors.

Stocking its portfolio with a broad mix of assets is important to ensure a steady stream of revenue for a yieldco. The NREL reports that Abengoa Yield’s portfolio includes 86 miles of transmission lines, but TerraForm Power’s portfolio contains solar Distributed Generation (DG) projects. TerraForm Power is also expected in the future to add natural gas and hybrid energy generation assets. Assembling its initial portfolio with 25 assets spread over 10 states, NRG Yield has conventional generation assets accounting for 36%, renewables for 16%, and thermal energy/co-generation making up 48%.

Appealing Investment Tax Advantages of a Yieldco

According to the NREL, the structure of yieldco investment vehicles have additional tax advantages. Rather than taxation occurring twice, once at corporate level and then again at shareholder level, the yieldco may pass untaxed earnings through to investors. This is accomplished by matching strong positive cash flows, or basically asset income, with losses, or basically expenses and renewable asset depreciation. When losses exceed the taxable income on the assets, these “net operating losses” result in taxable income reduction, thereby resulting in taxation on lower annual earnings. The company may conceivably even avoid taxation completely.

Additionally, net operating losses may be “carried forward” for future taxable events. With this appealing strategy, many yieldcos anticipate not having to pay significant income tax, conceivably for several years. And at the shareholder level the dividends may be treated more favorably as a return of the original investment, rather than as a return on investment.